Heraldry

Most historians agree that heraldry as it is known today was initiated some time during the twelfth century. Strictly speaking, however, its origins probably predate recorded history. As we shall soon see, one of the primary purposes of heraldic devices was to serve as a means of recognition during military combat. As such, then, its (2) use is as old as mankind. Families, tribes, and nations have been gathering under identifying symbols since recorded time. Historians are quick to point out that no one knows where, when, or by whom the first flag or totem was held aloft: a metal standard from what is now Iran, believed to be the oldest flag still in existence, is judged to be about five thousand years old. When the ancient Greeks went into battle, they carried round shields emblazoned with representations of animals as well as other symbols. Similarly, the Roman legions carried standards bearing pictures of animals and birds, but it was not until the year 104 B.C. that the eagle replaced all the others and became the universal emblem of Rome. Before very long, those standards displayed, in addition to the noble bird, honorary wreaths, the names of various dignitaries, and ultimately, portraits of the Roman emperors.

By the time heraldry made its appearance, the nobility were already using seals on various documents and correspondence. Owing to the rampant illiteracy of the Middle Ages, it seemed expedient to use pictures and symbols on those seals, which became a sort of household trademark and seemed also to be a natural source of heraldic designs for those same households. Some heraldists are careful to point out that these early uses of marks, symbols, and pictures are the predecessors, rather than the direct ancestors, of heraldry, while other heraldic authorities, in their zeal and enthusiasm, see heraldry everywhere(3).

- Marvin Grosswirth, The Heraldry Book, 1981